The Karaite interpretation of the plural forms in Genesis 1.26, 3.5 and 3.22 compared to their classical rabbinic exposition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25188/dFLT-VoxScript(eISSN2447-7443)vXXVII.n2.p317-354.MOSchlagwörter:
Genesis 1.26, 3.5, 3.22, Karaite Judaism, Karaite Exegesis, Karaite Hermeneutics, Aaron ben Joseph, Aaron ben ElijahAbstract
The present paper examines the history of the Karaite interpretation of the plural forms in Genesis 1.26, 3.5 and 3.22 pertinent to the Divine, situating it against the Rabbinic tradition. Furthermore, the present essay analyses how Karaite exegetes substantiated their views without recognising the authority of the Rabbinic texts such as Targumim, Midrashim or the Babylonian Talmud which elucidated such phenomena in the Tanakh. The study of the Karaite exegesis relies on the complete commentaries on the Pentateuch penned by Aaron ben Joseph and by Aaron ben Elijah.
Literaturhinweise
AARON BEN ELIJAH. הקדמה. In: FIRKOVICH, Abraham (Ed.). ספר כתר תורה ספר בראשית. Eupatoria: Firkovich, 1866.
AARON BEN ELIJAH. Libri Coronae Legis: Id est commentarii in Pentateuchum Karaitici, Ed. Johann Gottfried Ludwig KOSEGARTEN. Jena: Schmid, 1824.
AARON BEN ELIJAH. ספר בראשית. In: FIRKOVICH, Abraham (Ed.). ספר כתר תורה ספר בראשית. Eupatoria: Firkovich, 1866.
AARON BEN ELIJAH. עץ חיים, Ed. Franz DELITZSCH. Leipzig: Barth, 1841.
AARON BEN JOSEPH. ספר המבחר. In: יוסף שלמה בן משה לוצקי (Ed.). ספר המבחר וטוב המסחר. Eupatoria: פינקלמן, 1835.
אבות. In: תלמוד בבלי, Vol. 13. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1862.
ABRAHAM IBN EZRA. ספר בראשית. In: מקראות גדולות ספר בראשית. New York: פריעדמאן, 1970-1971.
ANKORI, Zvi. Karaites in Byzantium: The Formative Years 970-1100. New York: Columbia University Press, 1959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/anko91724
עשרה עקרים. In: ELIJAH BASHYAZI. אדרת אליהו. Eupatoria: פינקלמן, 1835.
ASTREN, Fred. Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004.
BACHER, Wilhelm. Bible Exegesis (Karaite Exegesis). In: SINGER, Isidore (Ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 3. New York: KTAV, [s. a.].
BAER, Seligman (Ed.). סדר עבודת ישראל. Rödelheim: Lehrberger, 1901.
BERLINER, Abraham (Ed.). Raschi: Der Kommentar des Salomo b. Isak über den Pentateuch. Frankfurt am Main: Kauffmann, 1905.
BERLINER, Abraham (Ed.). Targum Onkelos, Vol. 1. Berlin: Kauffmann, 1884.
BIRNBAUM, Philip (Ed.). Karaite Studies. New York: Hermon Press, 1971.
בראשית. In: ספר מדרש תנחומא. Petrikau: צעדערבוים, 1913.
בראשית רבה. In: STEINSCHNEIDER, Moritz (Ed.). Catalogus codicum Hebraeorum Bibliothecae Academiae Lugduno-Batavae. Leiden: Brill, 1858.
BRÜLL, Adolf (Ed.). Das samaritanische Targum zum Pentateuch. Frankfurt am Main: Erras, 1875.
DE HARKAVY, Abraham and Kaufmann KOHLER. Karaites and Karaism. In: SINGER, Isidore (Ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 7. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls, 1904.
DE LAGARDE, Paul (Ed.). Prophetae chaldaice. Leipzig: Teubner, 1872.
DELITZSCH, Franz. Exkurs über das Verhältnis des Ez Chajim zum More Nebuchim. In: AARON BEN ELIJAH. עץ חיים, Ed. Franz DELITZSCH. Leipzig: Barth, 1841.
DELITZSCH, Franz. Prolegomena. In: AARON BEN ELIJAH. עץ חיים, Ed. Franz DELITZSCH. Leipzig: Barth, 1841.
EDWARDS, Robert G. T. Clement of Alexandria's Anti-Valentinian Interpretation of Gen 1:26-27. Zeitschrift für antikes Christentum 18, no. 3, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/zac-2014-0018
ELIJAH BASHYAZI. אדרת אליהו. Eupatoria: פינקלמן, 1835.
ETHERIDGE, John Wesley (Trans.). The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch with the Fragments of the Jerusalem Targum: Genesis and Exodus. London: Longman, 1862.
FIELD, Frederick (Ed.). Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt: Sive veterum interpretum Graecorum in totum Vetus Testamentum fragmenta, Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon, 1875.
FRANK, Daniel. Karaite Exegesis. In: SÆBØ, Magne (Ed.). Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation, Vol. I/2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2000.
FRANK, Daniel. Search Scripture Well: Karaite Exegetes and the Origins of the Jewish Bible Commentary in the Islamic East. Leiden: Brill, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047405566
FRIEDLÄNDER, Moriz. Der vorchristliche jüdische Gnostizismus. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1898.
FÜRST, Julius. Geschichte des Karäertums: Eine kurze Darstellung seiner Entwicklung, Lehre und Literatur, Vol. 1-2. Leipzig: Nies and Leiner, 1862-1865.
GOTTHEIL, Richard. Bible Translations (Karaite Versions). In: SINGER, Isidore (Ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 3. New York: KTAV, [s. a.].
GOTTSTEIN, Alon Goshen. The Body as Image of God in Rabbinic Literature. Harvard Theological Review 87, no. 2, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816000032776
GRAETZ, Heinrich. Gnostizismus und Judentum. Krotoschin: Monasch, 1846.
חגיגה. In: תלמוד בבלי, Vol. 6. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1860.
HERFORD, Robert Travers. Christianity in Talmud and Midrash. London: Williams and Norgate, 1903.
HEZEKIAH BEN MANOAH. ספר בראשית. In: ספר חזקוני על חמשה חומשי תורה. Lemberg [Lviv]: Schrenzel, 1859.
HIRSCHFELD, Hartwig. Qirqisani Studies. London: Hall, 1918.
HOLMES, Robert and James PARSONS (Ed.). Vetus Testamentum Graecum cum variis lectionibus, Vol. 5. Oxford: Clarendon, 1827.
HURTADO, Larry W. First-Century Jewish Monotheism. Journal for the Study of the New Testament 71, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0142064X9902107101
JACOB BEN ASHER. בראשית. In: פירוש הטור על התורה. Warsaw: זיסבערג, 1880.
ילקוט בראשית. In: ספר ילקוט שמעוני. Vilnius: Romm, 1863.
JEHIEL, Nathan. Rabbinisch-aramäisch-deutsches Wörterbuch zur Kenntnis des Talmuds, der Targumim und Midraschim, Vol. 2, Ed. Moses Israel LANDAU. Prague: Scholl, 1819.
Jerusalem. In: ETHERIDGE, John Wesley (Trans.). The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch with the Fragments of the Jerusalem Targum: Genesis and Exodus. London: Longman, 1862.
JESHUA BEN JUDAH. Das Buch von den verbotenen Verwandtschaftsgraden, Ed. Isaak MARKON. Petersburg: [s. n.], 1908.
יבמות. In: תלמוד בבלי, Vol. 7. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1860.
JUSTINUS. Dialogus cum Tryphone Judaeo. In: MIGNE, J.-P. (Ed.). Patrologiae cursus completus: Series Graeca, Vol. 6. Paris: Migne, 1857.
KHAN, Geoffrey (Ed. and Trans.). Early Karaite Grammatical Texts. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2000.
KHAN, Geoffrey (Ed.). Exegesis and Grammar in Medieval Karaite Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
KIMHI, David. Kommentar zur Genesis, Ed. Abraham GINZBURG. Pressburg [Bratislava]: Schmid, 1842.
KOHLER, Kaufmann. Aaron ben Elijah, the Younger. In: SINGER, Isidore (Ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 1. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls, 1901.
KOHLER, Kaufmann. Aaron ben Joseph, the Karaite. In: SINGER, Isidore (Ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 1. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls, 1901.
KOSEGARTEN, Johann Gottfried Ludwig. De Aharone ben Elihu, ejusque commentario in Legem. In: AARON BEN ELIJAH, Libri Coronae Legis: Id est commentarii in Pentateuchum Karaitici, Ed. Johann Gottfried Ludwig KOSEGARTEN. Jena: Schmid, 1824.
KUYT, Annelies and Gerold NECKER (Ed.). Orient als Grenzbereich? Rabbinisches und ausserrabbinisches Judentum. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007.
LASKER, Daniel J. From Judah Hadassi to Elijah Bashyatchi: Studies in Late Medieval Karaite Philosophy. Leiden: Brill, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047442271
LEVY, Jacob. Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Targumim und einen grossen Teil des rabbinischen Schrifttums, Vol. 1. Leipzig: Baumgärtner, 1867.
MAIMONIDES. More Nebuchim, Vol. 1, Trans. JUDAH IBN TIBBON. Vienna: Schmid, 1828.
MAIMONIDES. More Nebuchim, Vol. 2, Trans. JUDAH IBN TIBBON. Vienna: Schmid, 1828.
מגילה. In: תלמוד בבלי, Vol. 5. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1860.
מדרש רבה ויקרא. In: ספר מדרש רבות על התורה. Leipzig: Wienbrack, 1864.
מדרש רבה ספר שמות. In: ספר מדרש רבות על התורה. Leipzig: Wienbrack, 1864.
מדרש רבה על התורה. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1890.
מקראות גדולות ספר בראשית. New York: פריעדמאן, 1970-1971.
מקראות גדולות ספר דברי הימים. Lublin: שניידמעסער, [s. a.].
NAHMANIDES. ספר בראשית. In: מקראות גדולות ספר בראשית. New York: פריעדמאן, 1970-1971.
PHILO ALEXANDRINUS. De mutatione nominum. In: COHN, Leopold and Paul WENDLAND (Ed.). Opera quae supersunt, Vol. 3. Berlin: Reimer, 1898.
PHILO ALEXANDRINUS. De opificio mundi. In: COHN, Leopold and Paul WENDLAND (Ed.). Opera quae supersunt, Vol. 1. Berlin: Reimer, 1896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112405345-002
PHILO ALEXANDRINUS. De plantatione. In: COHN, Leopold and Paul WENDLAND (Ed.). Opera quae supersunt, Vol. 2. Berlin: Reimer, 1897.
PHILO ALEXANDRINUS. De sominiis liber II. In: COHN, Leopold and Paul WENDLAND (Ed.). Opera quae supersunt, Vol. 3. Berlin: Reimer, 1898.
PHILO ALEXANDRINUS. De specialibus legibus (III). In: COHN, Leopold and Paul WENDLAND (Ed.). Opera quae supersunt, Vol. 5. Berlin: Reimer, 1906.
PHILO ALEXANDRINUS. Legum allegoriarum liber I. In: COHN, Leopold and Paul WENDLAND (Ed.). Opera quae supersunt, Vol. 1. Berlin: Reimer, 1896.
PHILO ALEXANDRINUS. Quis rerum divinarum heres sit. In: COHN, Leopold and Paul WENDLAND (Ed.). Opera quae supersunt, Vol. 3. Berlin: Reimer, 1898.
POLLIACK, Meira (Ed.). Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources. Leiden: Brill, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004294264
POLLIACK, Meira. The Karaite Tradition of Arabic Bible Translation: A Linguistic and Exegetical Study of Karaite Translations of the Pentateuch from the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries C. E. Leiden: Brill, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004497825
POZNANSKI, Samuel. The Karaite Literary Opponents of Saadiah Gaon. London: Luzac, 1908.
RULE, William Harris. History of the Karaite Jews. London: Longmans, 1870.
SAADIA GAON. בראשית. In: פירוש על התורה ועל נ״ך. London: Gad, 1959-1960.
SAADIA GAON. Œuvres complètes, Vol. 1-6, Ed. Joseph DERENBOURG. Paris: Leroux, 1893-1894.
SAADIA GAON. ספר האמונות והדעות, Trans. JUDAH IBN TIBBON. Jozefow: זעצר, 1885.
SÆBØ, Magne (Ed.). Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation, Vol. I/2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2000.
SAMUEL BEN MEIR. בראשית. In: ROSIN, David (Ed.). פירוש התורה. Breslau: שאטטלענדער, 1881-1882.
סנהדרין. In: תלמוד בבלי, Vol. 13. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1862.
ספר בראשית. In: מדרש רבה על התורה. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1890.
ספר מדרש רבות על התורה. Leipzig: Wienbrack, 1864.
ספר מדרש תנחומא. Petrikau: צעדערבוים, 1913.
ספר פרקי רבי אליעזר. Vilnius: Romm, 1838.
ספר עריות. In: STEINSCHNEIDER, Moritz (Ed.). Catalogus codicum Hebraeorum Bibliothecae Academiae Lugduno-Batavae. Leiden: Brill, 1858.
SCHREMER, Adiel. Midrash, Theology, and History: Two Powers in Heaven Revisited. Journal for the Study of Judaism 39, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006308X245973
SCHUPART, Johann Gottfried. Secta Karraeorum: Dissertationibus aliquot historico-philologicis. Jena: Bielckius, 1701.
SCHUR, Nathan. History of the Karaites. Frankfurt am Main and New York: Lang, 1992.
SEGAL, Alan F. Two Powers in Heaven: Early Rabbinic Reports about Christianity and Gnosticism. Leiden: Brill, 1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004667488
SINGER, Isidore (Ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 1. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls, 1901.
SINGER, Isidore (Ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 3. New York: KTAV, [s. a.].
SINGER, Isidore (Ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 7. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls, 1904.
סופרים. In: תלמוד בבלי, Vol. 13. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1862.
STEINSCHNEIDER, Moritz (Ed.). Catalogus codicum Hebraeorum Bibliothecae Academiae Lugduno-Batavae. Leiden: Brill, 1858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004607934
STROUMSA, Gedaliahu G. Form(s) of God: Some Notes on Metatron and Christ. Harvard Theological Review 76, no. 3, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816000001681
SWETE, Henry Barclay (Ed.). The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1887.
SWETE, Henry Barclay (Ed.). The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint, Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1907.
SWETE, Henry Barclay (Ed.). The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint, Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1894.
שלשה עשר עקרים. In: BAER, Seligman (Ed.). סדר עבודת ישראל. Rödelheim: Lehrberger, 1901.
תלמוד בבלי, Vol. 5. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1860.
תלמוד בבלי, Vol. 6. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1860.
תלמוד בבלי, Vol. 7. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1860.
תלמוד בבלי, Vol. 13. Warsaw: Orgelbrand, 1862.
תרגום. In: מקראות גדולות ספר דברי הימים. Lublin: שניידמעסער, [s. a.].
Targum. In: WALTON, Brian (Ed.). Biblia sacra polyglotta, Vol. 3. London: Roycroft, 1656.
Targum Hierosolymitanum. In: WALTON, Brian (Ed.). Biblia sacra polyglotta, Vol. 4. London: Roycroft, 1657.
Targum [Pseudo-]Jonathan. In: WALTON, Brian (Ed.). Biblia sacra polyglotta, Vol. 4. London: Roycroft, 1657.
Targum of Palestine. In: ETHERIDGE, John Wesley (Trans.). The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch with the Fragments of the Jerusalem Targum: Genesis and Exodus. London: Longman, 1862.
TRIGLAND, Jacobus. Diatribe de secta Karaeorum. In: UGOLINO, Blaisio (Ed.). Thesaurus antiquitatum sacrarum, Vol. 22. Venice: Herthz and Coletti, 1759.
UGOLINO, Blaisio (Trans.). Institutio Karaeorum. In: UGOLINO, Blaisio (Ed.). Thesaurus antiquitatum sacrarum, Vol. 22. Venice: Herthz and Coletti, 1759.
UGOLINO, Blaisio (Ed.). Thesaurus antiquitatum sacrarum, Vol. 22. Venice: Herthz and Coletti, 1759.
VAN DEN BERG, Johannes. Proto-Protestants? The Image of the Karaites as a Mirror of the Catholic-Protestant Controversy in the Seventeenth Century. In: VAN DEN BERG, Johannes and Ernestine G. E. VAN DER WALL (Ed.). Jewish-Christian Relations in the Seventeenth Century: Studies and Documents. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2756-8_2
WALTON, Brian (Ed.). Biblia sacra polyglotta, Vol. 3. London: Roycroft, 1656.
WALTON, Brian (Ed.). Biblia sacra polyglotta, Vol. 4. London: Roycroft, 1657.
YESHAYA, Joachim and Elisabeth HOLLENDER (Ed.). Exegesis and Poetry in Medieval Karaite and Rabbanite Texts. Leiden: Brill, 2017.
ZAWANOWSKA, Marzena. The Bible Read through the Prism of Theology: The Medieval Karaite Tradition of Translating Explicit Anthropomorphisms into Arabic. Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy 24, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1477285X-02401001
ZAWANOWSKA, Marzena. >Where the Plain Meaning Is Obscure or Unacceptable ...: < The Treatment of Implicit Anthropomorphisms in the Medieval Karaite Tradition of Arabic Bible Translation. European Journal of Jewish Studies 10, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1872471X-12341285
Downloads
Veröffentlicht
Versionen
- 2024-07-19 (2)
- 2024-07-19 (1)
Ausgabe
Rubrik
Zitationsvorschlag
